Imirasire y'izuba myinshi itwikiriye ibisenge by'isi, imirima, n'ubutayu muri iki gihe bisangiye ibintu bimwe: silikoni ya kirisiti.Ibikoresho bikozwe muri polysilicon mbisi, bikozwe muri wafer hanyuma bigashyirwa mu ngirabuzimafatizo z'izuba, ibikoresho bihindura urumuri rw'izuba amashanyarazi.Vuba aha, inganda zishingiye kuri tekinoroji idasanzwe zabaye ikintu cyinshingano.Tanga urunigibarimo kugenda gahoroimirasire y'izuba nshya ku isi.Abatanga ibikoresho byinshi bya polysilicon mu karere k'Ubushinwa -baregwa gukoresha imirimo y'agahato ivuye mu Banyiginya- bahura n’ibihano by’ubucuruzi muri Amerika.
Kubwamahirwe, silicon silicon ntabwo aribintu byonyine bishobora gufasha gukoresha ingufu zizuba.Muri Amerika, abahanga n'ababikora barimo gukora kugirango bagure umusaruro w'ikoranabuhanga rikoresha izuba rya kadmium telluride.Cadmium telluride ni ubwoko bwizuba rya "firime yoroheje", kandi nkuko iryo zina ribigaragaza, biroroshye cyane kuruta selile gakondo.Uyu munsi, paneli ukoresheje kadmium telluridegutanga hafi 40 ku ijanay'isoko rifite akamaro muri Amerika, hamwe na 5 ku ijana by'isoko ry'izuba ku isi.Kandi bahagaze kugirango bungukire kumutwe uhura ninganda nini zuba.
Kelsey Goss, impuguke mu bushakashatsi bw’izuba mu itsinda ry’ubujyanama bw’ingufu Wood Mackenzie yagize ati: "Ni igihe gihindagurika cyane, cyane cyane ku itangwa rya kirisiti ya silikoni muri rusange."Ati: "Hariho amahirwe menshi ku bakora uruganda rwa kadmium telluride gufata imigabane myinshi ku isoko mu mwaka utaha."By'umwihariko, yavuze ko kuva umurenge wa kadmium telluride umaze kwiyongera.
Muri kamena, uruganda rukora izuba Solar ya mbere yavuze ko ruzabikoragushora miliyoni 680 z'amadolarimu ruganda rwa gatatu rwa kadmium telluride izuba mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Ohio.Ikigo nikimara kurangira, mu 2025, isosiyete izashobora gukora gigawatts 6 zifite imirasire y'izuba muri ako karere.Ibyo birahagije guha ingufu amazu agera kuri miriyoni y'Abanyamerika.Indi sosiyete ikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba ikorera muri Ohio, Toledo Solar, iherutse kwinjira ku isoko kandi ikora paneli ya kadmium telluride yo hejuru y'inzu.Muri Kamena, Minisiteri ishinzwe ingufu muri Amerika na Laboratwari y’igihugu ishinzwe ingufu, cyangwa NREL,yatangije gahunda ya miliyoni 20 z'amadolarikwihutisha ubushakashatsi no kuzamura urwego rwo gutanga kuri kadmium telluride.Imwe mu ntego za gahunda ni ugufasha gukumira isoko ry’izuba muri Amerika ku mbogamizi zitangwa ku isi.
Abashakashatsi bo muri NREL na Solar ya mbere, mbere yiswe Solar Cell Inc, bakoranye kuva mu ntangiriro ya za 90 kugira ngo biteze imberetekinoroji ya kadmium.Cadmium na telluride ni ibicuruzwa biva mu bucukuzi bwa zinc no gutunganya umuringa.Mugihe wafer ya silicon yashizwe hamwe kugirango ikore selile, kadmium na telluride bikoreshwa nkigice cyoroshye - hafi kimwe cya cumi cyumurambararo wumusatsi wumuntu - kumurongo wikirahure, hamwe nibindi bikoresho bitwara amashanyarazi.Solar ya mbere, ubu ikora firime nini cyane ku isi, yatanze imirasire y'izuba mu bihugu 45.
Umuhanga muri NREL, Lorelle Mansfield, yatangaje ko ikoranabuhanga rifite ibyiza bimwe na bimwe bya kirisiti ya kirisiti.Kurugero, firime yoroheje isaba ibikoresho bike ugereranije na wafer.Tekinoroji ya firime yoroheje nayo irakwiriye gukoreshwa muburyo bworoshye, nkibifunika ibikapu cyangwa drone cyangwa byinjijwe mukubaka façade na Windows.Yavuze ko icy'ingenzi, amashusho yoroheje ya firime akora neza mu bushyuhe bwinshi, mu gihe icyuma cya silicon gishobora gushyuha kandi ntigikora neza mu gutanga amashanyarazi.
Ariko silisiki ya kristaline ifite imbaraga zo hejuru mubindi bice, nkubushobozi bwazo - bivuze ijanisha ryizuba ryizuba panele ikuramo igahinduka amashanyarazi.Amateka, panike ya silicon yagize imikorere irenze tekinoroji ya kadmium telluride, nubwo ikinyuranyo kigabanuka.Uyu munsi inganda za silicon zakozwe ninganda zirashobora kugera kubikorwa bya18 gushika kuri 22 kw'ijana, mugihe Solar ya mbere yatangaje ko impuzandengo ya 18 ku ijana yibikorwa bishya byubucuruzi.
Nubwo bimeze bityo, impamvu nyamukuru silicon yiganje ku isoko ryisi iroroshye.Goss yagize ati: "Byose biva ku kiguzi."“Isoko ry'izuba rikunda gutwarwa cyane n'ikoranabuhanga rihendutse.”
Silicon ya Crystalline igura amadolari 0.24 kugeza $ 0.25 kugira ngo ikore buri watt y’amashanyarazi akomoka ku zuba, akaba ari make ugereranije n’abandi bahatanira.Solar ya mbere yavuze ko itagitangaza ikiguzi kuri watt kugirango ikore paneli ya kadmium telluride, gusa ko ibiciro "byagabanutse cyane" kuva 2015 - igihe isosiyetebyatangajwe igiciro cya $ 0.46 kuri watt- kandi ukomeze kugabanuka buri mwaka.Hariho impamvu nke zituma silicon ihendutse ugereranije.Ibikoresho fatizo polysilicon, nayo ikoreshwa muri mudasobwa na terefone zigendanwa, iraboneka cyane kandi ihendutse kuruta gutanga kadmium na telluride.Nkuko uruganda rwibikoresho bya silicon nibindi bikoresho bifitanye isano rwagabanutse, ibiciro rusange byo gukora no gushyiramo ikoranabuhanga byagabanutse.Guverinoma y'Ubushinwa nayo ifite byinshigushyigikirwa no guterwa inkungaigihugu cya silicon izuba ryigihugu - cyane kuburyohafi 80 kw'ijanaku isi itanga amashanyarazi akomoka ku mirasire y'izuba ubu anyura mu Bushinwa.
Kugabanuka kw'ibiciro byateje izuba ryinshi kwisi.Mu myaka icumi ishize, ingufu z'izuba zashyizwe ku isi zose ziyongereyeho inshuro icumi, kuva kuri megawatt zigera ku 74.000 mu 2011 zigera kuri megawatt zigera kuri 714.000 muri 2020,ukurikijeIkigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe kongera ingufu.Reta zunzubumwe zamerika zibarirwa hafi ica karindwi kwisi yose, kandi izuba rirahariimwe mu masoko maniniy'ubushobozi bushya bw'amashanyarazi bwashyizwe muri Amerika buri mwaka.
Igiciro kuri watt ya kadmium telluride hamwe nubundi buryo bwa tekinoroji ya firime biteganijwe ko bizagabanuka uko inganda zaguka.(Solar ya mbere ivugako igihe ikigo cyayo gishya cya Ohio gifunguye, isosiyete izatanga ikiguzi gito kuri watt ku isoko ryizuba ryose.) Ariko ikiguzi ntabwo aricyo gipimo cyonyine gifite akamaro, nkuko ibibazo byinganda zitangwa ninganda hamwe nibibazo byakazi.
Umuyobozi mukuru wa First Solar, Mark Widmar, yavuze ko iyi sosiyete iteganya kwagura miliyoni 680 z'amadolari y'Amerika ari imwe mu mbaraga nini zo kubaka urwego ruhagije rwo gutanga no “gukuramo” inganda zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zituruka mu Bushinwa.Nubwo paneli ya kadmium telluride idakoresha polysilicon, Solar ya mbere yumvise izindi mbogamizi zugarije inganda, nkibisigazwa n’ibyorezo byatewe n’ibyorezo byo mu nyanja.Muri Mata, Solar ya mbere yabwiye abashoramari ko ubwinshi bw’ibyambu byo muri Amerika bwatumaga ibicuruzwa biva mu bigo byayo muri Aziya.Widmar yavuze ko kongera umusaruro muri Amerika bizafasha iyi sosiyete gukoresha imihanda na gari ya moshi mu kohereza ibicuruzwa byayo, atari amato atwara imizigo.Kandi isosiyete isanzwe ikora gahunda yo gutunganya imirasire y'izuba ituma yongera gukoresha ibikoresho inshuro nyinshi, bikarushaho kugabanya gushingira kumurongo w’ibicuruzwa byo hanze n’ibikoresho fatizo.
Mugihe Solar ya mbere ikuraho panne, abahanga muri societe na NREL bakomeje kugerageza no kunoza ikoranabuhanga rya kadmium telluride.Muri 2019, abafatanyabikorwayashyizeho uburyo bushyaibyo birimo "doping" ibikoresho bya firime yoroheje hamwe n'umuringa na chlorine kugirango bigerweho neza.Mu ntangiriro z'uku kwezi, NRELyatangaje ibisubizoyikizamini cyimyaka 25 kumurima wacyo hanze muri Zahabu, Kolorado.Ikibaho 12 cyibikoresho bya kadmium telluride yakoraga kuri 88 ku ijana byumwimerere wabyo, igisubizo gikomeye kumwanya wicaye hanze mumyaka irenga makumyabiri.Gutesha agaciro “bihuye nibyo sisitemu ya silicon ikora,” nk'uko NREL yabitangaje.
Mansfield, umuhanga muri NREL, yavuze ko ikigamijwe atari ugusimbuza silicon kristaline na kadmium telluride cyangwa gushyiraho ikoranabuhanga rimwe risumba irindi.Ati: "Ntekereza ko ku isoko hari umwanya kuri bose, kandi buri wese afite ibyo asaba".Ati: "Turashaka ko ingufu zose zijya ahantu hashobora kuvugururwa, bityo rero dukeneye ubwo bwoko bwose bw'ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo duhangane n'icyo kibazo."
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-17-2021